Sažetak
Pranje novca u globalnoj sportskoj industriji predstavlja rastuću pretnju, podstaknutu velikim finansijskim tokovima, transnacionalnim transakcijama i ograničenom transparentnošću u sportskim finansijama. Ovo istraživanje analizira načine na koje kriminalne mreže zloupotrebljavaju profesionalni sport – posebno fudbal – radi integracije nezakonito stečenih sredstava u legalne finansijske tokove. Istraživanje je koncipirano kao narativni pregled literature kombinovan sa kvalitativnom analizom studija slučaja. Primenjen je metodološki pristup koji uključuje analizu sadržaja regulatornih okvira i naučne literature, polustrukturisane ekspertske intervjue i detaljno razmatranje dva značajna slučaja: korupcionaškog skandala u FIFA-i (2015) i slučaja fudbalske prevare u Belgiji (2017–2019). Podaci međunarodnih organizacija, kao što su FATF, UNODC, ICSS i SIGA, sistematski su analizirani. Rezultati identifikuju najčešće mehanizme pranja novca u profesionalnom sportu, među kojima se posebno izdvajaju precenjene naknade za transfere igrača, fiktivni sponzorski ugovori, manipulacija sportskim klađenjem i korišćenje ofšor vlasničkih struktura. Analiza dodatno ukazuje na značajne institucionalne i regulatorne slabosti, uključujući nedovoljnu finansijsku kontrolu, neujednačenu primenu propisa za sprečavanje pranja novca (AML), ograničenu transparentnost vlasničkih odnosa i sponzorskih aranžmana, kao i nedovoljne interne kapacitete za usklađenost unutar sportskih organizacija. Fudbal se izdvaja kao najugroženiji sport zbog svoje globalne rasprostranjenosti, strukture tržišta transfera i visokih komercijalnih prihoda. Istraživanje zaključuje da postojeći AML okviri u sportu i dalje ostaju uglavnom reaktivni i fragmentisani, posebno u transnacionalnom kontekstu. Jačanje finansijskog nadzora, unapređenje transparentnosti, uspostavljanje specijalizovanih jedinica za usklađenost i poboljšanje međunarodne regulatorne koordinacije predstavljaju ključne mere za očuvanje integriteta profesionalnog sporta. Dobijeni nalazi doprinose literaturi iz oblasti upravljanja sportom i sportskog poslovanja pružajući praktično relevantne uvide u upravljanje rizicima i zaštitu integriteta u globalnoj sportskoj industriji.
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